Part 1 – In the 1950’s, many states in the Muslim world denied religious realities as they concentrated on modernization. According to Jonathan Laurence, interviewed during the Istanbul Seminars 2014, a secular population was forced into existence, in turn triggering a religious and traditionalist backlash. Political participation has opened the way for religious parties but democratic discomfort is still strong. Laurence advocates patience: this is a world still under assessment. Let’s not forget how long it took to judge the French Revolution. Watch Part 2 of this Video