The philosophical justification of the idea of freedom is one of those enigmas all great philosophers have addressed, often concluding their imposing attempts by acknowledging the impossibility to access a firm Archimedean point placing freedom on a incontrovertible theoretical pedestal.

Fundamentalism means the literal and dogmatic interpretation of holy texts (but these may also be secular texts), the prescriptive indications of which are considered the foundations of all action. Fundamentalism rejects all systems of beliefs that oppose such foundations and considers its own religious texts as infallible and above all as having a historical basis, in spite of possible contradictions identified by modern theories and science.