Today more than ever, cultural, religious, ethnic and linguistic pluralism is a fact of life in European societies. Resetdoc believes that a great deal more work is still required in order to enable our liberal and democratic institutions to acknowledge this fact when implementing integration policies, not only to avoid the existing risks of exclusion and conflict, but also to counter cultural, biological and ideological generalizations that afflict the daily political debate and nourish the rhetoric of populist and xenophobic politicians. For our Essays series, Alain Touraine and Zygmunt Bauman explain why this necessary reconfiguration of politics could start with a new understanding and an broader concept of identity and citizenship.